A TALE OF THREE CITIES
By David F Reagan
Introduction
A conflict rages in this age which has been called “the battle for the Bible.” This battle (more like a war) is being fought on several levels. Some deny that the Bible is God’s Word at all. Others deny that the Bible completed God’s revealed Word. While some scholars battle over original inspiration, and some argue over Greek texts, others are fighting the battle of English translations.
Amid the confusion of theological word battles and personal vendettas, many are crying for answers. As we survey the battlefield, several points must be made clear. The first point is that this battle is one battle. On every level, this battle is about whether or not you and I have or can have the Word of God.
If the Bible only contains God’s Word, but no one knows which parts are His Word and which parts are not, what good is that? And why argue over perfect inspiration, if God has not preserved His Word? And what about all those translations? The whole problem comes down to this: Can you and I get a hold of God’s pure Word; and if we can, where?
Another point to be made is that this battle for the Bible is very important. Nothing is more important than whether or not we can get God’s truth. If God’s Word is not our source of absolute truth, then what is? We are left holding an empty bag.
Yet those who claim allegiance to the Bible cannot seem to do enough to weaken its power. Scholars dilute the Bible text. Publishers come out with new, better-than-ever bibles every few months. Preachers freely correct the words of the living God. And young men herd off to seminaries (or rather cemeteries) to be taught the inadequacies of the Word of God.
No one claims to have a painting that contains the work of Rembrandt. They either have a painting by Rembrandt or they do not. Even a careful imitation is worthless next to the real thing. Likewise, we either have God’s Word or we do not. Since God’s Word by reason of God’s own character must be totally pure, then an impure word cannot be God’s Word.
God’s Word is incorruptible (I Pet. 1:23). That which is God’s Word is completely pure (Prov. 30:5). Other forms of printed matter (printed sermons, tracts, corrupted “bibles,” etc.) may contain portions of God’s Word, but they cannot be said to be God’s Word.
Yes, this is all one battle. And this battle is important. But a third point needs to be made. This battle is not new. Ever since the Garden of Eden, when Satan denied God’s Word and Eve changed it, Bible correcting has been one of man’s favorite hobbies.
Take, for instance, the text of the New Testament. Its alteration has not been solely the recent work of little men with thick glasses hovering over ancient manuscripts. No, the greatest corruptions of the New Testament text occurred during the first two or three centuries after it was written. By the end of this period, the vast majority of various readings had already been written and the different Greek texts of today could have been composed. These centuries, during which the battle lines were drawn, set the time frame for the Tale of Three Cities.
A Tale Of Three Cities
A tale of three cities is a tale of intrigue and deception–one which pits the forces of God and Satan into battle over the integrity of the Bible. This war over the Word, which began in Eden’s beautiful garden, still rages today with ever-increasing fury. God’s churches, God’s men, and God’s people cannot afford to remain neutral when the stakes are so high. Yet, many seem determined to live their spiritual lives as deserters.
The Principle of Preservation
Before the unfolding of this story begins, two Biblical principles must be understood. The first principle is that God has promised, without exception, to preserve not only the Word which He has given to man, but also the words. This promise is confirmed every time God commands us to read, memorize, meditate upon, learn, or obey the words which He has given us. Nowhere in the Bible does God suggest the possibility of us not having His words. The promise of preservation is stated as follows in Psalm 12:6,7: “The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times. Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever.” This passage demands responsibility from present- day Christians. According to God, His words are preserved pure. If they are preserved, then we had better find them and believe them without correcting them.
The Principle of Corruption
The second principle which must be understood is that many will “corrupt the word of God” as stated by Paul in II Corinthians 2:17. Paul also warned against “handling the word of God deceitfully” (II Cor. 4:2). This evil practice of corruption assures us of the fact that many corrupted copies of God’s Word have been and will be made. The man who claims that all bibles are the word of God either does not know the scriptural principle of corruption or denies it. Corrupting the words of God is not an exception or simply an accident; it is an industry.
The Uniqueness of God’s Word
These two principles taken together demonstrate another important truth. Since God in His power is preserving the Word, and since the devil and his forces are corrupting the Word, the Bible cannot be approached as any other ancient book. Textual criticism sufficient for Homer’s Iliad will not work for God’s Word! And while mistakes in Homer do not really matter, mistakes in God’s Word could send a generation of mankind to hell. Unless God’s preserving power and Satan’s corrupting influence are considered, manuscript evidence is no more honest than last year’s politicians.
Modern bibles exist in a myriad of forms because intentional changes were made in copies of God’s Word by those who disbelieved its teaching. Of course, modern scholars claim that none of the various readings in the multitude of versions affect any major doctrine. This claim requires a low opinion of the weight of scripture. Every change made in the pure Word affects doctrine because “all scripture is profitable for doctrine” (II Tim. 3:16). When any passage loses this profitability, then the Word of God is no longer pure.
The Three Cities Introduced
With these principles stated and explained, the story can now begin. A tale of three cities begins in the Roman Empire during the time of Christ. The three cities (Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch) were the three largest and most influential cities in the Roman Empire. Yet, to the Christian their influence concerning Bible corruption and preservation is of much greater importance.
As capital of the Roman Empire and the empire’s largest city, Rome ruled the ancient world. Rome emphasized form, legalism, and tradition. Through tradition, Rome became the center of Biblical addition. The Apocrypha is one example of how Rome added to scripture. From Italy, Rome dominated the theology and spiritual life of southern Europe and northern Africa.
Alexandria, Egypt, the second largest city, was the world capital for science, education, and scholarship. Great minds gravitated to Alexandria. This hometown of Philo and Origen dominated the theology of surrounding Egypt and Palestine. As is the practice of modern scholarship, Alexandria subtracted from the Word of God. The Alexandrian Text is still the basis of modern Bible corruptions.
The third largest city of the empire was Antioch of Syria. Located in the East, Antioch dominated the regions of Syria and Asia minor, the lands of early apostolic work. Antioch was known for her luxury and cosmopolitan flavor, but also for a literal interpretation of scripture.
Although belittled by the scholarship of today, the Syrian Text was the underlying basis for the King James Version of 1611.
These three cities were located in three important countries on three different continents. They represented the three major races. Why are they so important? How did these cities become so influential in the historical transmission of the Biblical Text? These questions and more are to be answered in the following text. But never forget that God promised to preserve His Word. Our greatest concern should never be to judge or criticize the Word, but to find it, then read it, study it, memorize it, obey it, teach it, preach it, and if necessary, die for it.
Alexandria
History of Alexandria
Located on the Mediterranean Sea in the country of Egypt on the continent of Africa, Alexandria is still an active city today. This great seaport is in the area known scripturally as the “land of Ham” (Ps.105:23). Alexander the Great founded the city in 332 BC during his conquest of the world. It rapidly developed into the greatest metropolis of the ancient world, reaching an estimated population of one million by the first century BC At the time of Christ, the city was superseded only by Rome.
Under the rule of the Egyptian Ptolemies, Alexandria became the literary and scientific center of the world. Its university molded much of the philosophical thought of the time. The famous library of Alexandria contained half a million or more books and rolls. Vigorously pursued were the studies of mathematics, astronomy, poetry, and medicine. Alexandria was a Greek city by founding and thought; but because of the city’s open-mindedness, it became a city known for its cosmopolitan collection of the religions and philosophies from the known world. It was in this environment that the Jewish theologian Philo first combined Judaism with Platonism to establish the allegorical approach to the Old Testament.
School of Alexandria
In practice, Philo (b. 20 BC) was more of a Greek philosopher than a Jewish theologian; hence his greatest influence was not in the Jewish realm. He desired to use the Old Testament to support his Greek philosophy. Therefore, he established a system of allegorical interpretation (spiritualizing of scripture) in order to make the scripture mean anything he desired. He taught that the hidden, deeper meaning of a passage of scripture was far superior to the plain, literal meaning. His allegorical interpretation became a wealth of ideas for the Alexandrian school of Christian thought of the second and third centuries.
This theological school was established in Alexandria in the second century after Christ by a man named Pantaenus and was continued by Clement of Alexandria. The School elevated Greek philosophy and emphasized the allegorical interpretation of scripture. The school became known for its scholarship and philosophy and was later brought into great prominence by a man named Origen (lived 185-254 AD).
Influence of Origen
In most church histories, Origen is praised as one of the greatest Bible scholars of all time. In this book, Origen’s mental genius and religious fervor are not questioned, only his knowledge of Biblical truth and his spiritual relationship with God. Origen possessed only one coat and no shoes, rarely are flesh, never drank wine, devoted much of the night to study and prayer, and slept on the bare floor. They certainly demonstrates religious fervor and devotion. On the other hand, because of his doctrine, Origen is certainly unworthy of his reputation as a great Bible scholar. He taught that the Father is the originating cause of the Son, and that the Holy Spirit was subordinate to and created by the Son. He believed in the necessity of baptism for the remission of sins and approved of the baptism of little children. He taught that even the damned and devils would be brought into voluntary subjection to Christ after they were sufficiently punished. Origen developed a formal method of interpreting the New Testament scriptures by applying Philo’s allegorical interpretation. In this way, he was able to support all of the above doctrines and more.
Theologians and scholars who reject Origen’s method of allegorical interpretation and doctrinal conclusions often claim that his abiding merit lies in his work in textual criticism. He is famous for his labors to produce a correct text of the Greek Bible. Is it possible, however, that Origen’s false doctrines affected his Biblical criticism? Two examples should suffice. While editing the New Testament text, Origen removed the word carpenter from Mark 6:3 because he did not think it should be there. He also removed the command, “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself,” from the passage of Matthew 19:16-22 because he could not logically explain its presence and said it therefore must have been added. How many times Origen applied this method of Bible correction only God Himself knows.
The Greek text which was being formed at Alexandria during the time of Origen came to be known as the Alexandrian Text. This text is represented mainly by two Greek manuscripts: the Sinaiticus (found by Tischendorf in 1844 in a Greek Orthodox monastery at the base of Mt. Sinai) and the Vaticanus (discovered in the Vatican library in 1481). These manuscripts are the basis for the majority of the subtractions made in the English bibles since 1611. Because Origen supported the readings which make up the Alexandrian text, scholars look to him as one of the most important witnesses to the corrupted text which is used for modern translations of the Bible. After Origen’s death, Alexandria continued to have great influence on the text of the New Testament. Even today, the Alexandrian Text is accepted by the majority of scholars as that which is closest to the originals.
Alexandria in Scripture
Alexandria is very rarely mentioned in the Bible, but these references tell the Bible student much about the direction the city would take. Its commerce and shipping trade are evident in the fact that the ships which took Paul from Caesarea to Rome for trial were ships of Alexandria (Acts 27:6; 28:11). Alexandria’s opposition to true doctrine is demonstrated by the Alexandrian Jews which were found in the temple disputing with Stephen (Acts 6:9). But the most revealing passage about Alexandria is found in Acts 18:24 where, “a certain Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man, and mighty in the scriptures, came to Ephesus.” Here was a man who was eloquent in speech and very knowledgeable in the scriptures, but who knew, “only the baptism of John” (v.25). For this reason, Aquilla and Priscilla, converts of the apostle Paul, “took him unto then, and expounded unto him the way of God more perfectly” (v.26). The high degree of training and superior knowledge of Apollos confirms the emphasis on scholarship in his home town. However, his gaps in Biblical knowledge and errors in Biblical doctrine also point to the characteristic problems of Alexandria. These problems were to continue in Alexandria through the early church history period. The old copies of manuscripts of the New Testament which were influenced by the Alexandrian scholars are characterized by their omitting of important doctrinal phrases and verses. These omissions are not mistakes–scholarship always subtracts from the Word of God.
For an example of their subtractions, let us examine the passage of Mark 16:9-20. This passage is missing in both the Sinaitic and the Vatican manuscripts. Therefore, in most recent versions, it is either omitted, or marginal notes question its place in the divine text. However, these verses are found in all the Greek manuscripts except the two noted above and in all the Latin manuscripts but one. The Sinaitic and Vatican manuscripts were written between 325-350 AD But approximately 150 years before Mark 16:9-20 was deleted by these manuscripts, the passage was quoted as scripture by several writers: Justin Martyr (c. 150), Tatian (c. 175), Iraneaus (c. 180) and Hippolytus (c. 200). Thus the evidence of the majority of witnesses and the evidence of greatest antiquity both overwhelmingly support the passage. Why then do the scholars still prefer to omit the verses? Evidently because they still desire to follow Alexandrian scholarship.
Conclusion
Alexandria became the world center of education and scholarship. Here both Judaism and Christianity tried to merge their thought with Grecian Platonism. Soon, human wisdom took place over the words of the Bible, and scholars leaned upon allegorical interpretations to derive from the Bible what they already accepted as truth. However, this was not enough. The science of textual criticism had to be developed to remove from the scriptures phrases which were offensive to their own doctrine. Hence, Alexandria became the place known for her subtraction from the Word of God.
Rome
Background Information
Rome is located in the country of Italy on the continent of Europe. The date of the founding of the city of Rome is unknown. In the ancient world and in the Christian world, Rome’s greatest influence was in the areas of form and organization. This influence was already increasing eight centuries before the time of Christ. Rome gained control of the Italian peninsula about 275 BC By 133 BC, Rome governed a world empire stretching from Syria to Spain. At the time of Christ, Rome was the largest city in the world (population: 1.2 million) and was capital of the Roman Empire. It eventually became the center of the Roman Catholic Church and since 1871 has been the capital of the country of Italy.
Biblical Mention
The city of Rome is mentioned by name none times in the Bible. Of these nine references, special attention needs to be given to the one in II Timothy 1:17. The Apostle Paul wrote II Timothy while in a Roman prison, and in this epistle he praises a man named Onesiphorus because he refreshed Paul and, “was not ashamed of my chain: But, when he was in Rome, he sought me out very diligently, and found me” (II Tim. 1:16-17). Rome was therefore known as a place which persecuted Christians. When Constantine declared Christianity to be the state religion, this persecution did not cease. Those who stood for their beliefs still suffered at the hands of the developing church-state.
Attention also needs to be given to an indirect reference to the city of Rome in the prophetic book of Revelation. The seventeenth chapter of Revelation speaks of the mother of harlots who will be drunken with the blood of the saints. She is clearly the one world religion which will deceive multitudes during the great tribulation. The woman is said to be, “that great city, which reigneth over the kings of the earth” (Rev. 17:18). The identification of the city is made in verse nine which states, “The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth.” Over and over again Rome is identified by ancient historians as the city of seven hills or seven mountains. Therefore, Rome will be the center of the future one world religion.
Doctrinal Development
The doctrinal development of Rome can most easily be understood by the study of three men. Although these three men were not born in Rome, they greatly influenced the city by advancing the position of Roman supremacy, by translating the Roman Catholic bible, and by establishing the Roman method of Bible interpretation.
The first man, Cyprian (195-258 AD), did much to develop the doctrine of Roman supremacy. During the first centuries after Christ, the churches of several large cities were elevated to high positions of respect and authority. Rome was only one of these important cities. However, Cyprian taught the doctrine of the primacy of the Roman church over the other churches. He further claimed that anyone outside the Catholic Church was lost and therefore made way for the Roman Catholic monopoly of salvation. The teachings of Cyprian were later used by Roman Catholicism to establish its tremendous political strength over the majority of Christians during the Middle Ages.
The second man, Jerome (340-420 AD), is important because of his influence on the Bible. He lived as a hermit for several years. Later (with the help of several lady benefactors) he started a monastery in Bethlehem. He strongly promoted self-denial, the celibacy of the clergy, and the worship of Mary. Around 382 AD Pope Damasus commissioned him to retranslate the New Testament into Latin. He used the work of Origen to help in his translation which was later accepted as the official Roman Catholic bible. Copies of the already existing Old Latin Vulgate, which agreed more closely with the true text, were discarded and often destroyed. Jerome’s Latin Vulgate triumphed at the expense of pure copies of the Word.
The third man, Augustine (354-430 AD), was bishop of Hippo, North Africa, for many years. Although there is not space to discuss his doctrine, his method of interpretation needs to be considered. He established what came to be known as the western type of interpretation which teaches that the scripture must conform to the interpretation of the church. Thus he led the way for the Roman Catholic requirement that bible interpretation must adapt itself to the tradition of the church.
In some ways the Romans could be compared to the Pharisees of whom Christ said, “Thus have ye made the commandment of God of none effect by your tradition” (Matt. 15:9). And again, “But in vain they do worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men” (Matt. 15:9). Some of the unscriptural ideas of the Roman Catholic Church (such as monasticism and infant baptism) may have developed in Alexandria, but they were established as lasting traditions by Rome.
Biblical Corruption
Although Alexandrian scholarship subtracted from the Word, Roman tradition added to the Word. However opposite these approaches may seem, the two movements joined in the development of the Roman Catholic bibles. Rome took Alexandria’s diluted bible and added to it according to its traditions. This resulted in the corrupted bibles which we still have with us today.
The unchanging practice of Roman Catholicism has been to place tradition above the Word. However, this practice was made a dogma at the Council o Trent in 1546. This council declared that the apocryphal books together with unwritten tradition are to be received and venerated as the Word of God. In elevating tradition, God’s Word has been lowered. In truth, this makes the Word of God of none effect.
The tendency to add to the Word of God can be seen in the two most influential manuscripts of the last century, the Vaticanus and the Sinaiticus. The Vatican manuscript was discovered in the Vatican library in 1481. It was discounted by early Greek scholars but was elevated by Westcott and Hort in the translation of the Revised Version in 1881, four hundred years after its discovery. This manuscript adds the Epistle of Barnabas as well as the apocryphal books to the text of its New Testament. The Sinaitic manuscript was found in St. Catherine’s Monastery at the base of Mt. Sinai in 1844. It contains the Shepherd of Hermas and the Epistle of Barnabas in its New Testament text. This tendency to add to the Word of God can also be found in the New American Standard Version of the English bible. Located at the end of Mark in large capital letters is the word ADDITION after which follows a short paragraph. A marginal note explains that a few later manuscripts and versions contain this paragraph. Absolutely no indication is given as to whether this is the Word of God or not.
Conclusion
The New Testament was being corrupted by men who claimed to be correcting it even before all of the New Testament books were written (II Cor. 2:17). There have always been and will always be those who handle, “the word of God deceitfully” (II Cor. 4:2). The two major motives for changing the word of God are Scholarship and tradition. Scholarship, as found in Alexandria, usually subtracts from the Word while tradition, as found in Rome, usually adds to the Word. These two influences explain the corrupted bibles of today. Bible study, therefore, becomes a process of multiple choice. If you like it, leave it in. If you do not like it, take it out. If you want it, but it’s not there, put it in. Why allow the Bible to change us when we can so easily change the Bible?
But what of God’s pure Word? Is there not a preserved Bible in existence? The answer is yes! God has not left Himself without an absolute witness of truth. He has preserved His Word! In the next chapter we will consider the power of preservation and God’s use of Antioch of Syria as well as the surrounding areas of Syria and Asia Minor to keep His Word pure from the corrupting influence of man.
Antioch
Historical Importance
Antioch was located in Syria on the Asian continent. The native inhabitants of Antioch descended from Shem, one of the sons of Noah, through Aram (Gen. 10:22). Please notice that God did not use the Japhethites of Europe or the Hamites of Africa to preserve His Word. He used the Shemites of Asia of whom Noah prophesied, “Blessed be the LORD God of Shem” (Gen. 9:26). This scripture shows that God is going to use the Shemites throughout history in a special way. He established His chosen nation, the nation of Israel, through Abraham who was a descendent of Shem. He offered salvation to mankind through the Jews, for Christ declared, “salvation is of the Jews” (John 4:22). He also revealed Himself to mankind in the Bible which was written by Jews and given to Jews (Rom. 3:1-2). If God’s chosen people, His offer of salvation, and His written Word all came through the children of Shem in accordance with the prophecy of Noah, why then would God not use the children of Shem to preserve His book? The Syrians of Antioch were the Shemites which God used to preserve His New Testament during the first centuries after it was written.
Antioch has a great influence in the area of Asia Minor as well as in Syria. These areas were the early locations of the greatest revivals and most extensive evangelism. Most of the New Testament books were either written or received in this part of the world. By His wonderful providence, God had placed Antioch in a special place of importance. Antioch became the early center for Bible-believing Christians and Bible preservation.
Much is revealed about a Bible teacher or Christian group by examining their approach in interpreting scripture. The same is true in the study of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch. Rome took the approach of ecclesiastical interpretation. In other words, the past traditions of the church and church theologians determine the meaning of the passage. The approach of Alexandria was that of allegorical interpretation. Scripture was to be spiritualized by scholars in order to conform it to their philosophical beliefs. Only Antioch took the literal approach to Biblical interpretation. According to this approach, the Bible means what it says and says what it means. There is no need to change or manipulate scripture because the Word of God is already perfect. Now who do you want to copy your next Bible manuscript: the traditionalists from Rome, the scholars from Alexandria, or the literalists from Antioch?
Biblical Mention
No matter how much we know about a place historically, the bottom line is still, “What saith the Scripture?” The city of Rome is mentioned nine times in the New Testament and is characterized as a place of persecution (II Tim. 1:15-17). Although only mentioned three times by name, Alexandria is clearly a place of false doctrine according to scripture (Acts 6:9; 18:24-26). But our greatest amount of Biblical information is reserved for the city of Antioch. It is mentioned by name nineteen times and has great importance for us today. In fact, the church at Antioch is the greatest example of Biblical Christianity in the entire New Testament.
The founding and early ministry of the church at Antioch are described in Acts 11:19-30. Acts 13:1-4 narrates the calling and sending of the first missionaries out of Antioch: Barnabas and Paul. From these two passages we learn seven basic characteristics of the church at Antioch. First, the church at Antioch was a preaching church (Acts 11:20,23). Second, it was a witnessing church (Acts 11:21,24). Third, it was a teaching church (Acts 11:26; 13:1). Fourth, the church at Antioch was a serving church: “The disciples were called Christians first at Antioch” (Acts 11:26). Fifth, it was a giving church (Acts 11:29-10). Sixth, it was a praying church (Acts 13:2-3). And seventh, the church at Antioch was a missionary church (Acts 13:3-4). Being founded on these principles, the church at Antioch continued in its Biblical ministry for several centuries. Why then should any one think it strange that God would use the influence of Antioch in the preservation of scripture? That is exactly what He did.
New Testament Preservation
There are about 4,000 or 5,000 existing manuscripts of the New Testament. They have been classified according to their characteristic readings by various scholars and divided into families. Although all divisions of manuscripts are manmade and therefore subject to dispute, one of the most accepted divisions separates the manuscripts into three families. These families are called the Western, the Alexandrian and the Syrian. The Western Text is related to Rome, the Alexandrian Text is related to Alexandria and the Syrian Text is related to Antioch. The Western and Alexandrian Texts are represented by a minority of manuscripts and corrupt the pure Word of God. The Syrian Text represents the great majority of manuscripts and, as a whole, preserves the pure Word of God. This pure text is still preserved for us today in the English of the King James Version of 1611.
Book after book has been written in the last hundred years on both sides of the issue of textual differences. But the real question is whether God preserved His Word or not. If He did, He could have used anyone in any way, although history definitely points to Antioch. If He did not, then our Bible is corrupted beyond repair, and we are left without any final authority for truth. We are left blind in a world blackened by sin and rebellion toward God. But we do have the pure and preserved words of God. Open up your King James Version of 1611 and read, study, teach, and preach it. Its words are without error and without mistake. Therefore, we can proclaim its message without apology.